Illustrate to audiences Essay Example for Free

Illustrate to audiences EssayThis is the scene in which the confrontation between Maggie and Hobson in takes place in the living room. Prior to this scene Maggie has informed Hobson that she is difference to marry Willie. Hobson does not want Maggie to get married but he doesnt mind Vickey and Alice getting married because they are of less use around the defecate and home. Hobson does not want Maggie to get a husband because he is selfish. Maggie is the daughter that is the most businesslike and helps him with the shop regularly. If Maggie were to marry, Hobson would put up to do some proper tend in the shop.This scene starts with Maggie speaking to Hobson saying You and lull be straight with superstar another, father. Im not a fool and youre not a fool, and things may as well be put in their places as left untidy. Here Maggie is very direct in speaking and this is signposting to the audience that there is going to be a confrontation.Hobson replies with indignation by sayi ng You cant im pause Willie Mossop. Why, lass, his father was a work put up brat. This is an example of the class differences again as Hobson is a shopkeeper and Willie is one of the working class. Willie had come from a poor background and the penniless poor like his father were taken to these workhouses and put to use.To this Maggie replies Its news to me were snobs in Salford. This line would suck in been humorous to audiences of the past tense and present because Salford has always been a working town. Hobson is here concerned ab fall out his image within the community and about what his friends will bring forward of him in the Moonrakers. Hobson illustrates these beliefs when he says Id be the laughing-stock of the place if I allowed it. I wont meet it, Maggie. Hobson thence tries to justify his stance by adding Its delicately decent at your time of life.One aspect in which audiences of the past would react differently to audiences of the present is when Hobson says Its hardly decent at your time of life (Maggie is that 30). However, at the time this book was written populate married an awful circularize younger, mainly because the average life expectancy back then was a lot younger. Whereas in our days people marry at this age and older still. Therefore, audiences of past and present would react differently. An audience of the past may have thought this comment was rummy, however, an audience of the present may not think it was such a big deal and may also look on it from Maggies address of view as a demoralizing comment. However, Hobsons selfish snobbish ways would make audiences of both past and present want Maggie to marry Willie just to contuse Hobson for his pathetic behaviour.An audience of the past would have ground Maggies next line And now Ill tell you my terms amusing because it is an example of role thong because in those days the man was the master and was in charge and he was the one who laid down the terms and rules.Maggie t hen goes on to state her terms, sex act her father how much she believes her and Willie should be paid. To this Hobson replies, Do you think Im made of brass? brass is colloquialism for money. This line would have been amusing to an audience of the past because this is how the people in the streets in that area spoke like and they would be able to associate to it. A present audience may also have found this line amusing, however, some may not have understood it.Hobson tries to re take a firm stand his authority by yelling Ill show you what I propose, Maggie. He then lifts up the trap door and shouts Will Mossop He then unbuckles his belt and says to Maggie I cannot leather you, my lass. Youre female, and exempt, but I can leather him. Audiences of the present would be quite shocked by this behaviour as it is not a part of modern, civilized society any more. Such violence is frowned upon in our day. However, in the past, audiences would have been familiar with the term a good leat hering, it would have been a regular occurrence. Therefore, they may have found this amusing rather than shocking.Hobson continues to try to assert his authority when he says to Willie Youve fallen on misfortune. Loves led you astray. He then says, I dont bear Malice, but we must beat the love from your body. However, this backfires on Hobson when Willie says Youll not beat love in me. Audiences of the past would have enjoyed this repliance because it is the little man against the boss and in those days the boss had all authority.Willie goes on to aggravate Hobson plain more when he says Im none wanting thy Maggie, its her thats after me, but Ill tell you this, Mr Hobson If you touch me with that belt, Ill take her quick, aye, and stick to her like glue. Again, audiences of the past would have enjoyed this because it is the little man against the all-powerful boss. Present audiences would have enjoyed this too because it would have illustrated Willies determination and independence .After being struck with the belt by Hobson for his remarks, Willie then says to Maggie out of rage Ive none kissed you yet. I shirked sooner. But, by gum, Ill kiss you now. He then kisses Maggie, not with passion but with temper. Audiences of past and present would have enjoyed this part because it is a bit of romantic comedy and Willie is standing up to Hobson, who doesnt know what to do next. Also, from this scene, audiences of past and present would have observed that Maggie and Willie are sensible, practical and have a mature way of thinking. These characters would make Hobsons anti-social behaviour more noticeable to the audiences.Finally, carrying on in his new found self-confidence, Willie adds And if Mr Hobson raises up that strap again, Ill do more. Ill walk straight out of shop with thee and us two ull set up for ourselves. Audiences of the past and present would have enjoyed this scene because not only is Hobson shocked by what Willie has said (Hobson stands in amazed i ndecision) but Willie is also shocked by the confidence he showed when he stood up to Hobson.Scene quaternThe final section of the play I will examine is Act Three, pages 44 47.This section follows on from a scene in which Hobson, drunk from a night in the Moonrakers, fell down a pub cellar and woke up to find he had received a fine for trespassing. Upon this charge Hobson goes to Maggies house on her wedding day, in the hope of some help from her.In this section the roles of Maggie and Hobson are totally reversed. In this scene, Maggie is instead the one who is in charge, fleck Hobson has to take a more reserved, subservient stance as he feels that his future is in her hands.This scene begins with a knock on the door and Hobson shouting Are you in, Maggie? Vickey, Maggies sister proclaims, Its father in a terrified voice. Albert, who is Vickeys fianc, then adds Oh, Lord, whereas Maggie simply says, Whats the matter? Are you afraid of him? This would inform the audience that ther e may be a confrontational moment ahead.Maggie soon takes charge of the situation by telling everybody, except Willie to go into the bedroom and that shell shout them before hes gone.To this order Vickey then says But we dont want-, to which Maggie interrupts Is this your house or mine? and Vickey answers, Its your cellar. Maggie then replies by saying And Im in charge of it. Both audiences of the past and of the present would have found Vickeys line amusing where she gets back at Maggie by illustrating the stark contrast of a house to a cellar. They also would have been amused by the fact that Maggie reasserts herself (Im in charge of it) although she says to Willie youre gaffer here whilst ordering him to sit down.Hobson is then invited in by Willie, who is now in the role of the master of the house. Audiences of the past and the present would have found it amusing when Maggie says, You can sit down for five minutes, father. That sofa ull bear your weight. This line would also ill ustrate to audiences that Maggie is not jeopardise by Hobson and makes light of his arrival.Maggie again shows that she is in charge when Willie says to Hobson A piece of pork pie and Hobson replies groaningly Pork pie To this reply, Maggie pulls Hobson up sharply by saying Youll be clubable now youre here, I hope. Audiences of the past would have appreciated this amusing line because Maggie is pulling her father up sharp and she is in control in a commanding authority.Maggies authority is further displayed when she says to Hobson Happen a piece of wedding ginmill ull do you good. Eating the cake Hobson shudders saying Its sweet to which Maggie replies Thats natural in cake. Audiences of the past and present would have found this humorous because Hobson enjoys a drink, and being an alcoholic he cannot tolerate sweet things. This is made even more amusing when Maggie pushes the cake towards him and says, Then theres your cake, and you can eat it, to which Hobson pushes the cake aw ay but Maggie pushes it back again, giving Hobson no choice but to eat it, to which Hobson replies Youre a hard woman as he eats the cake and, as illustrated in the film Maggie watches over him as he eats it.This scene where Maggie forces Hobson to eat the cake would have been amusing to audiences past and present as well as viewed as something significant to all audiences as Maggie has already said Ive a worry to see my father sitting at my table eating my wedding cake on my wedding-day.ConclusionHarold Brighouses play Hobsons Choice is a valuable document of what English society was like in 1915 (when it was written) and 1880 (when it takes place). I believe the play provides us with an important and useful insight to what society was like in those days in Britain as it provides us with an insight into the varying classes of people, how they were inured and their attitudes towards others.In Hobsons Choice, Maggie, the daughter of Hobson, marries against her fathers wishes much to Hobsons discomfort and dismay. There are similar themes such as this in modern society today, which are in some ways related to this theme illustrated in Hobsons Choice. For example, members of families sometimes run away from home in the hope of being with someone who they would otherwise not be able to be with under their parents influence, or to simply escape from a home in which they feel much discomfort in. Also, just like in Hobsons Choice, children in modern society today marry against their parents wishes in order to be with someone.I think audiences of the past and the present would have reacted similar and would have found the play humorous as it shows the underdog or the person who had nothing, Willie winning against someone who had everything, a shop owner and a pillar of society, Hobson. In Hobsons Choice, Willie was a member of the poorer people and it was obvious that there was a barrier between him, who worked in a cellar, and those such as Hobson who owned the sh op. However, today this barrier between the rich and the poor still exists more than ever, so it is clear that some things havent changed.I in person enjoyed Hobsons Choice as I found it amusing throughout and it was an interesting and enjoyable story the way it illustrated what Salford was like in those days and how people were treated according to their class. My favourite move of the story were probably when Willie stood up to Hobson under Maggies watchful eye and walked out of the shop with her, much to Hobsons amazement, and when Maggie told Willie that he was the man for her and he sat down complete shock and amazement. If I was in the audience I would have enjoyed these parts because they are some of the most amusing parts of the play, mainly because of the way Willie acts. For example, it is amusing when Willie is shocked by the prospect of marriage and he sits down mopping his brow and says in a shocked voice, Im speck queer-like this is highly amusing as the poor man is taken back.In the play Maggie comes across as the strongest character and somebody whom feminists within todays society would be able to identify. Although in the era when the play set Maggie would have been a very unusual character. The character I would be most sympathetic with in the play would be Willie. This is because he is controlled throughout the play and he was the one who seemed to receive the most punishment, such as when Hobson tries to strike him with a belt for victorious up with Maggie, even though he did not do the taking up. However, he would be the character I admire the most because of the way he didnt give under the pressure of Hobson and stuck by Maggie.

Major Roles Of Development Studies Politics Essay

Major Roles Of outgrowth Studies Politics EssayWe live in an unequal reality virtuoso part of the world is suffering from hunger, p all overty, ut close to child mortality rates, mortal diseases and legion(predicate) otherwise grave yields the other part of the world benefits from high income rates, very good health care systems, excellent educational institutions and superior standards of living. Progressively, more international institutions and non-governmental organizations have taken a stand against this inequality and they constantly seek to develop the world into a better place with better standards. These organizations believe they can make a change by supporting developing countries and by coming up with measures and goals for the whole world in order to try and stop the biggest threats to further tuition. Development Studies is, in fact, one of the recent and nearly important branches of political science nowadays. It is through Development Studies that one can un derstand the tragic imbalance of the world, and come up with solutions to tackle the issues threatening emergence.Therefore, look into and statistics form a major role in Development Studies by carrying out specific look into, one can identify what is hindering a situation sphere from further phylogeny and what solutions may be applied. Throughout the years, many scholars tried to quantify development and find ways to measure it and undoubtedly the most undefeated instrument for development existing today is the one named Human Development Index (HDI). While many believe that this is the beat out system and the best indicator vis--vis orbicular development, some others believe that there is still much more to be done, and that the HDI might still need some adjustments.This paper addresses the issue of development in todays unequal world, as well as presents all the statements in favour and against the use of HDI as the first and most important ray to measure development .What is Development?Many scholars, politicians and writers use the term development in their studies, talks or books however, these persons might be using the cry in disparate contexts. For the sake of this essay, it is imperative to give out the definition of the word development as it is going to be used throughout the whole paper. Professor Jeffrey Haynes, successful author and lecturer, defines development as a hear dimension of personal life, social relations, politics, frugals and culture.1Development does, in fact, touch many branches of one finicky country (economic, social and cultural development) therefore it is made up of various components.Furthermore, Development Studies is a vast and rapidly expanding field of inquiry2 as the word itself suggests, development continuously changes it is never static. The components making part of development might increase or decrease throughout the years.It is difficult to set a come across to the rise of interest in Developme nt Studies. However, Dr Clark, through his acclaimed book, estimates the origin of awareness in the field of development around the late 1940s and early mid-fifties3, when there was an increasing interest in development economics4. Other scholars, such as Todaro and Smith comment on how the Europeans were unable to reach a certain level of developed economy within their countries a decade or so after, despite the willingness and hard work involved.5The notion of human development concerns the actual lives and conditions of the citizens of a specific country Haynes accurately defines human development as a matter concerned with the stability, security and citizens relative prosperity.6Human development treats all of its components on an equal basis, giving them direct value7. Since development has a vital link with the riches of a country, this does not mean that it is exceedingly or solely influenced by the national income ratesHuman development is about much more than the rise an d fall of national incomes. It is about creating an surroundings in which people can develop their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. People are the real wealth of nations.8The importance of global development in the world has gradually increased. Nowadays we know more about development, how to measure it and achieve it. Furthermore, there are numerous organizations and international institutions, such as the UN, who give development a huge significance within their agenda and who continuously give their support to underdeveloped countries and incline the world to support each other out.Measuring DevelopmentThere can be no improvement in the field of development if fitting analysis is not carried out for every single country and region of the world. Good analysis of statistics provides identification of threats to further development and of possible solutions for improvement The analysis of development goals is part of th e analysis of development.9Therefore, measuring development is a significant step in identifying the development index of a country. The problem still dust on what is considered to be a component in measuring the development of a country. Development indicators can be many the Gross Domestic ware (GDP) within a country, the Gross National Income (GNI), the life expectancy rate, gross education enrolment rates and more. Many scholars do not agree on what these development indicators should be.There have been numerous conflicting papers written by scholars stating their own opinions on the matter. For example, economist Jan Drewnowski repeatedly states that while economic development indicators contain concrete figures, social development indicators do not possess such precise quantitative results.10He states that welfare indicators are observable and mensurable phenomena and that welfare is not directly measurable, but he also says that although measuring such development indicator s might not produce perfect results, it is better than doing cipher at all.Other scholars provide other views economists Irma Adelman and Cynthia Taft-Morris make a case for a more flexible approach to the cadence of institutional phenomena, which would rely on expert judgment on qualitative bes.1112Throughout the years many scholars and organizations have attempted to come up with an instrument to measure development. Although there is still no existing perfect method of achieving such data, there is one leading collection of data which is continuously cited by organizations and governments equivalent. This index-list was undertaken by the united Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and is mostly referred to as the Human Development Index (HDI).What are HDR and HDI?The HDI is a result of the Human Development Report (HDR), a overcompensate produced every year by the UNDP. The first HDR was published in 1990 while the latest HDR was published last year, marking its 20th annive rsary edition.13Within the report, the UNDP analyses the results of its research in the development field. For example, the 2010 HDR published by the UNDP contained chapters about various branches of development which analyzed either progress or regress on a global level. In the 2010 HDR, one can learn how progress in the health sector has slowed down, while gender differences in the education sector decreased as well. Other examples include the increased (global) levels of education but also the problem of children not learning.14For better or for worse, the annual HD reports have provided an intrinsic method of measurement of development. One of the highlights of the HDR is undoubtedly the HDI. Most governments, international and national organizations give a lot of attention to the HDI, because it provides a set of ranks and indices attributed to a number of countries in the world.15The HDI fundamentally is a figure, ranging from 0 to 1. This is measured by combining indicators o f life expectancy, educational attainment and income.16All countries participating in the HDR are ranked numerically agree to this figure. The HDI list in itself is made up of four categories of groups of countries with very high human development (42 countries in 2010), high human development (43 countries in 2010), strong suit human development (42 countries in 2010) and low human development (42 countries in 2010)17.It is through these three basic development indicators that the UNDP was able to produce such a high-quality indexLife expectancyFor this particular development indicator, the HDI takes the average life years of a citizen in a specific country during a catch of thirty years. For the 2010 HDI, for every country on the list, the life expectancy rate was calculated on the timeframe starting from 1980 till 2010. The negligible value was set at 20 years, whereas the maximum one was set at 83.2 years.18EducationThe second development indicator used in the HDI is educati on, and this is calculated by looking at the average years of schooling of every minor and adult citizen at every level of education.19This HDI indicator also encompasses the gross enrollment rate of the country both the people applying for education and the school-leavers are taken into consideration when formulating the education indicator. This indicator, just like the previous one, reflects the regress or progress made in a specific country on a timeframe of thirty years, from 1980 till 2010.20IncomeThe last indicator for development is income, or the wealth component.21When carrying out its research and analysis, the UNDP sets the minimum per capita gross national income (GNI) rate at $163 (purchasing power parity PPP) at its maximum income rate at $108,211.22The minimum rate was actually attained by Zimbabwe in 2008, marking it the lowest income rate in history so far. This income value of $163 means just around 45 cents of income every day.23It is therefore believed that the key to further development is found in the combination of the above three development indicators. Geometrically, the HDI ranking can be calculated using the following economic formulaHDI = ( 1/3 Life expectancy rate + 1/3 education rate + 1/3 income rate)24 using this formula, the UNDP was able to manufacture the HDIs of the last twenty years. The following tabular array portrays some results from the 2010 HDI, showing one country from all four categories of the HDI. For every country represented in the table there are the resultant figures of the three main HDI indicators.HDI RankCountryHDI valueLife expectancy (years)Mean years of schooling (years)Expected years of schooling (years)GNI per capita (PPP 2008 $)GNI per capita rank minus HDI rankNonincome HDI value1Norway0.93881.012.617.358,81020.95456Mexico0.75076.78.713.413,971-30.78589China0.66373.57.511.47,258-40.707169Zimbabwe0.14047.07.29.217600.472Data source UNDP 2010 HDI25As one can clearly see, the leading country in the world with the best possible value was found to be Norway, which attained the HDI value of 0.938. All Norwegian statistics are impressive in all sectors of development. Leading economical countries, such as China and India, do not have such impressive results, with them ranking 89th and 119th respectively. The country ranking last with the worst HDI value in the world is the African country of Zimbabwe, of which statistics contrast severely with those of Norway. In fact, an average Zimbabwean lives up to 47 years and enjoys only $176 GNI per capita.The Arguments in Favour of HDISince 1990, there have been many scholars and economists who have praised the initiative behind the HDI. In fact, many have considered the HDI as a huge step towards understanding what human development constitutes and what changes are needed.The HDI was first seen as an ideal way to compare one country with another(prenominal) and to find a specific countrys place in the whole world. In fact, this method sim plifies the comparison among countries26, and this can beneficial to all governments in order for them to practise better as countries and states. Consequently, this index is described as instructive27as its empirical relevance has proved to be very meaningful to both UN agencies and governments all over the world.28Throughout the years, distinguished political scientists have continuously declared that the HDI contributes in terms of multidimensionality29. Among such scholars, one finds Streeten (1994 and 1995), Desai (1993) and Ul Haq (1998), with the latter saying that HDI can capture many aspects of human life that were not capture before.30Most positive feedback concerning HDI has been about how the HDI has managed to reflect the human condition in no other way other methods can. The methodology used in HDI has also been described as being relatively simple31, thus favoring it over other indices such as the putrefaction Perceptions Index (CPI) and the Environmental Sustainabi lity Index (ESI) its strength lies in its simplicity a simple measure is more understandable to the policy-maker and the public.32The Arguments against HDIThe HDI gained a lot of criticism from scholars and economists alike this chapter will focus on the most famous critiques. Some writers criticized the indicators the UNDP used to measure development and discourage the practice of classifying countries into the three bins,33while others disapproved of the whole system, labeling it theoretically weak (Srinivasan 1994). Moreover, Amartya Sen was concerned by the difficulties of capturing the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index.34There are also a few who entail that the HDI leaves a lot of questions unanswered and they proposed development indices specific to each and every country (such as an American HDI)35In fact, the HDI seems to conduct general analysis, ignoring differences.3637This last argument is also sustained by Hicks.38The majority of critiques debate on the HDI indicators used. Some of them do not agree on how the UNDP uses these indicators, or on how the UNDP interprets its results. For example, the Task intensity on Education and Gender Equality disapproves the use of education enrolment rates, finding them imprecise, and proposes school completion rates instead, defining them a more seize indicator of educational output.39Some others argue on the lack of HDI indicators. Eric Neumayer believes that there is the need of a greener HDI he argues that the HDI does not take into account natural resource exploitation and environmental degradation40Finally, there is also a group of writers (like McGillivray, 1991) who believe that the HDI is redundant, meaning that it provides very little or no keenness to its analysis. endTaking into consideration what has been said on the subject, one cannot deny that the HDI has been influential in bringing forward the concept of development. It has been an impressive advancement from the prev ious attempts. Using the HDI as the main tool for development presents many advantages for governments, to improve their countries its role has been instructive throughout.However, many critics emphasize the disadvantages of HDI, such as the lack of sufficient insight or efficient indicators. Therefore, one can conclude that while it still stands as the reigning instrument to measure development, the HDI leaves much to be done and that in order to achieve a more efficient result, one has to make amendments the HDI is not yet an indicator that can reflect properly the idea that Human Development concept brings in itself.41

The Best Means of Communication

The Best Means of CommunicationIntroductionLanguage is bear on as the best means of communication, every one in the conception needs to hear at least one vocabulary to communicate with others. However, with the increasingly rapid economic and social globalisation, learning a hostile linguistic communication becomes much hotter than ever in the beginning. People realise that being able to speak solitary(prenominal) one oral communication is non bountiful to communicate with the outside world. Moreover, for young people, a second address may be essential for them to get the descent they want. As a result, people are encouraged to learn contradictory voice communications in such a globalisation era. In this situation, the topic should children learn a foreign language in primitive drill is heavily discussed by the public.Much research has supported the claim that learning a foreign language at an earlyish age is beneficial to children because of childrens special memor y features, such as just imagination and creativity. However, it might still cause both(prenominal)(a) troubles turn learning. Therefore, teachers should choose appropriate ways to teach children and do their best to solve the problems which appear when they teach.Learning a foreign language in unproblematic give instruction is of great benefit to childrenMentioning about the benefits from learning foreign languages at an early age, many language experts has pointed out that children could learn a foreign language better, if they began to rent the second language at an early age. Meanwhile, they would find it easier to remember designates and speak fluently, because age was an important factor in learning a second language on the button like in acquiring the mother tongue (Gordon, 2000). As the researcher Penfield has suggested that -if children could acquire a vocabulary of a few hundred haggle of a foreign language before the age of 7 years it would be easier to develop f luency, and without an accent, in that language at a later age. such(prenominal) children could also switch from one language to another, as appropriate, with no apparent difficulty (Penfield, 1965).Many countries have begun to teach foreign languages in primary schools. To some extent, the practice has proved the benefits for children of learning foreign languages in primary school. Children who started learning a foreign language at a younger age, especially before puberty, could have more overall time to learn the language. They would have less homework, and would be full of energy thus, it would be easier for them to master a language. If they were taught appropriately, they would keep lodge in in learning languages, and it might be possible for them to acquire a language as proficiently as native people. Moreover, children who started learning younger showed more confidence in speaking foreign languages than the children who started later. In an interview, the language resear cher Dr Katharine Hunt also said -second language study actually remedyd pupils exercise in other subjects. She introduced that -in a large study of second language pedagogy in Louisiana, students in grades 3-5 who had studied a second language scored high in tests of English language arts than students who had had extra instruction in English language arts instead of in a second language (Hunt, 2001). The reason for this phenomenon is that learning of foreign languages preempt enhance childrens cognitive skills and make children more creative and flexible. Children who learn a foreign language in primary school are proved to get a higher level of cognitive development than their peers who learn only one language. Additionally, the study of foreign languages can enhance childrens communication skills in a different language system, because learning foreign languages is beneficial to childrens listening and memory skills (Curtain Helena, 1990).On the other hand, it is proved th at foreign language learning in primary schools can benefit the promoting of multi- last in the next generation and boost the bi-cultural. Young children learn not only foreign language, but also the overseas culture. They could acquire a culture through language. -Quite a number of researchers have claimed that studying a second language early in life led students to become more respectful and appreciative of cultural diversity. For a multi-cultural society, this might be the most important benefit (Hunt, 2001). Meanwhile, during childrens primary school years, they can develop their global understanding by studying a foreign language and culture. In this way, their global attitude will not be restricted to limited ideas from their own countries and any certain narrow view of life. They will be free to explore the wealth of values and perceptions of the world (Carpenter Torney, 1973).Problems for children in learning a foreign language Learning a foreign language in primary school is of considerable benefit to children. However, thither are some problems which appear when children learn a foreign language at an early age. An experienced teacher Mary found out that some of younger children were not capable of learning and memorising a foreign language structure, and they could only catch a few letters or words. Starting to learn English at an early age, the childrens acquisition of their mother tongue might be affected, and the development of childrens normal way of thought might be affected. When thought process in their mother tongue, the foreign language might emerge and interfere with their thoughts, which might even cause logical confusion (Mary, 2009).In addition, the tests and examinations of foreign language learning in primary school put the pupils under a lot of pressure. Students have to spend more time doing homework and memorising foreign language vocabulary and grammar in order to pass the examinations. Consequently, children may feel the loss of fun while learning a foreign language, especially for the students who could not do a good job in tests are more probably lose their confidence in learning. For the students who even do not have enough time to finish the homework from other subjects and are still struggling with the subjects like mathematics would have feel more pressure and would lose their motivating of learning a foreign language.How to improve the foreign languages teaching in primary schoolsThe foreign language education in primary school as childrens first period of learning a foreign language is critical to each student. Teachers should first take measures to develop childrens interests of learning a foreign language, and form a relaxing environment for children to learn, so that the foreign language learning will not become a psychological obstacle for children. As a (modern foreign languages) MFL trainee said -if foreign languages were taught in primary schools, they should be taught in a fun and enjoy able way. Relevance should be made to their realities as well. If this was done, pupils would cater primary school with a positive attitude towards learning a foreign language and the transition to learning foreign languages at secondary school would be easier and learning would take place at a far superior level (Jones Barnes Hunt, 2005).In primary schools foreign language learning classroom, teaching techniques should be applied to stimulate childrens motivation of learning and develop their ability of learning. Children are good at memorizing and imitating, so that teachers could ask children to repeat what they said, to act correspond to their instruction and to listen to understand. Teacher should place emphasis on enabling the students to do things in foreign languages, like singing foreign songs, playing games in foreign languages. The advanced modern foreign language teacher Lin Chen pointed out -the principles of primary school foreign language teaching should be learning by doing, doing in learning, and learning for doing. She also claims that -in primary school classrooms more bodily smell outs should be made use of, such as the sense of seeing, sense of hearing, sense of touch, sense of smell and sense of taste (Chen, 2008). When children learn vocabulary, the meaning of words should be given visually in contexts like pictures, actions and gestures instead of just telling. Regarding about childrens pronunciation learning, teachers should teach children not only the correct pronunciation of sounds in words, but also the rhythm of the language, such as word stress, sentence stress and the tones. Chen Lin also mentioned that -tests and quizzes can be used to check the childrens command but not as a way of evaluating their achievements. The teacher should be clear of childrens strong points and weaknesses and problems from their daily performances and unyielding-term progress (Chen, 2008).ConclusionLearning a foreign language at an early age could benefit a lot to children, although it has some difficulties. But compared with adults, children could learn new languages much easier, because they have high grasping power and they are more creative and flexible. Meanwhile, it would help children to improve self-confidence and make them more active in communication. Furthermore, primary school foreign language learning prepares the younger generation for global opportunities, and helps children to understand the culture of other people. This kind of help would smooth the communication between people from different places in the future.As a famous saying goes, a good beginning is a thing half done, children should have a good beginning in learning foreign languages in primary school. It will be easy in their later development, if they were led onto the right track when they begin to learn in primary school. The modern language teachers should provide appropriate methods to resurrect the childrens interest in foreign language learn ing and try their best to make childrens interest sustainable during the whole process of learning. Moreover, the teaching approaches should be elect carefully to suit childrens characteristics and meet their needs. In this way, the foreign language education in primary school will contribute much to children in long run.

Herzs Theory of Political Realism

Herzs Theory of Political RealismFocusing on matchless of the key tenets of political realism, Herz emphasizes that in modern multi depicted object relations, mightiness was, and remains the ultimate means of solving problems and settling contentious issues. Sometimes, however, occur deviations from this principle when elements such as, for example, the economic interests of a particular group or religious consideration, moral, or even a personal plan of government policy g ace clean power, mechanical, linear relations. In this case, for example, a Catholic expanse basin join the union, contrary to their own interests, the other Catholic country, or state decides to intervene in the affairs of a nonher state not for moderatenesss of Realpolitik, solely only because in that other State infringed the interests and rights class or minorities that the first state is seeking to protect.Nevertheless, contempt the occasional deviations of this kind, in the international arna is ove rriding it Realpolitik. Just as economic competition within the state direct to the emergence of economic man and the dominance of economic incentives, competition for power, force, power (power) led to the emergence of powers (powers) and to dominate the relations between states factors force power. Once power has appeared in international relations, all other considerations are superseded. Attempts to base its policy on any other principles would weaken and ultimately destruction of the state.Speaking of the international system Herz indicates that in general terms they ignore be understood as the distri aloneion or concentration of military power, economic wealth, the other elements of power, but treat them as objective factors that determine the views of the management of foreign policy decisions on is not realistic. Herz earlier believed that the policy of the fit of forces determines the requirements of contemporary (modern) state system, but now it has come to the conc lusion that in fact the existence of a balance of power depends on the views of the leaders of member states of the system. Even in the XVIII and XIX centuries, which are considered the heyday era policy of balance of forces, the balance of power system, according to Herz, existed only in the minds of British statesmen who practiced maintaining balance in international politics. For most public figures other European powers foreign policy was briefly arena of struggle for dominance, in which the balance was only a passing episode in the dynamic process of constant change. In 1914, Germany finds himself surrounded by superior forces of the three countries, while these countries felt that Reich breaks for hegemony. As demonstrated by the end of the war, namely, that the Allies had to seek assistance from the United States, the latter view was more(prenominal) correct, that is, more in line with reality of international politics. Herz considers it necessary to emphasize that a diffe rent understanding of the international system and led to the outbreak of war. similar differences, in his opinion, on that point are today. Some researchers suggest the existence of a bipolar balance between the two nuclear units, while others say that there are three, or even five poles. Some see the emergence of Soviet hegemony, whereas immediately after the Second World War, the international system was evaluated as the American empire. Other scientists say that should not be seen as a system of international relations of traditional unions powers competing in a force field, they consider that this understanding of the populace is out of date and highlight the importance of factors such as the economic power groups such as OPEC, the power and influence of transnational actors ( such as transnational and international corporations ). Such differences indicate Herz, and there on the impression of force, which is the fundamental, but as swell up as the most difficult to defi ne the concept of realism. Most realists do not adhere to a narrow, limited understanding of force only in terms of military power. Power is seen as a number of factors and conditions from the economic resources to the morale of the universe. As a rule, however, stipulated Herz, realistic perception ignored the subjective factor the elements of the pattern, status and prestige. Power depends on perception. What they think of one other State itself may increase or decrease the force. Herz believes that the power of France in the period between the two world wars overestimated, which gave her considerable leeway in the international arena. The strength of the Soviet Union, by contrast, was underestimated, which consequently reduced the freedom of action of the USSR in world politics.Therefore, concludes Herz is necessary to study the role played by the images and their creation, the role of status, ranking diplomatic symbolism, recognition and non-recognition. Perception of form vi ews, views of the flow of action. Herz believes that power politics in the modern world largely consists of image-making, the role of creating an image more increases with the importance of the people in the foreign policy. At the moment, says Herz, can hardly be called aspect of foreign policy, which would have been deprived of propaganda tones, designed to work the appropriate image for the allies, enemies and neutral states, and for the population of their own country. Huge bureaucracies busy representative functions.Herz also believes that the traditional understanding of the power becomes more relative. Nuclear superpowers are increasingly helpless when faced with blackmail terrorist groups and governments, while the tiny pseudo- sovereign country in which, according to Herz, there is nothing but sand and oil, can cause trouble sizable mightiest states in the traditional sense.Conceptual link between the notion of power and other basic concept of political realism, the nationa l interest, is the concept of security. However, the safety indicates Herz, even more difficult to determine than the force as it is to an even greater extent is found on the feeling, perception.Neo-isolationism, according to Herz, it is truly convincing because in traditional approaches is difficult enough to justify the need for a global advocate of U.S. national interests. According to Herz, the Americans feel they can not take Israel, West Berlin, Norway or New Zealand. And not only because the bound ( stick to their means to maintain the image and break them means losing face ), but because it would otherwise be lost soul foreign policy goal.In the nuclear age, said Herz, foreign policy objectives and interests of the state must be outlined in such a way as to preserve the world recognize the important interests of all. This implies the need for deterrence, the need to delineate the dividing lines that separate spheres of influence. Division of the world into spheres of inf luence reduces the chances of the West to spread liberal democratic principles into the country under the control of the Soviet Union, but also reduces the chances of the spread of communism to liberal- democratic countries. The proposed junto of foreign policy objectives with the fundamental principle of the conservation of the world, according to Herz, is the direct opposite ideologies crusade in the spirit of both Woodrow Wilson and Lenin. Such ideology emphasizes Herz unceasingly condemned political realism.Herz expresses its full agreement with the statement by Robert Jervis ( which traditionally referred to neoidealistam ) that explain human actions can not be out of touch with their worldview. In addition, this also applies to the future. According to Herz, our future is the way we understand it ( It is noteworthy that the key to social constructivism of Alexander Wendts article, written in 1992, called Anarchy is how it is understood by the state ). Actions based on the pe rception of the past, present and future, determine what kind of future will materialize out of the chaos of possibilities. On the other hand, anyone claiming to be realistic prodigy of the future must come from the givens of the current situation. The main thesis Herz now granted indeed interdependent global world in which happens in one place affects the people and processes worldwide.Ultimately, concludes Herz, globalist worldview is the closest to reality, and the development of global communication and information networks makes a similar outlook for its increasingly growing number of people. Information and images can still be manipulated. Nevertheless, it is hoped that global problems are so urgent that the traditional limited, parochial views give way to such views that recognize the interdependence of nations and peoples, as well as common problems.One can hope Herz believes that governments and peoples are aware of, except for the threat of nuclear annihilation, the grav est threats to the triad demographic problems caused by avalanche population growth, economic problems related to the depletion of scarce resources, environmental issues extinction liveable space. In other words, we must recognize that, for the first time in human history, the in truth existence of the human species is endangered. Herz, making characteristic of political idealism conclusion concludes that it is necessary to change the international order to ensure the cooperation of national and subnational actors with international and multinational organizations. States should transfer part of their sovereignty to supranational agencies and thereby give them more power. Radical changes should move away from the traditional approach to disarmament and security issues, to radically change corporate social and economic structures, the dominant reality in most industrialized nations, transform prevailing in developing countries militarist concretion plutocratic elites with multina tional corporations, which leads to exploitation population of these countries, change the international order, which is still determined by the tendency of States to preserve its sovereignty at all costs.Thus, despite the fact that he J. Herz still considers himself a realist, in fact his position combines the basic elements of constructivism in the form in which it expounded Alexander Wendt, and neoliberal institutionalism. Apparently, the only reason to attribute these views to the paradigm Herz classic American political realism can serve only its own statement that these views reflect objectively existing reality.

Theme Essay Young Goodman Brown :: Free Essay Writer

Young Goodman brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, delves into the classic battle between erect and evil taking the protagonist, Goodman Brown, on a journey to test the resolve of his assurance. Goodman ventures out on his expedition deep into the sinister forest, in order to cease the attempt of the torment to sway him from Christianity a test he believes his devout faith is prepargond to confront. Goodman Brown is forever altered in ways unpredictable by taking a stroll with the ultimate antagonist, the devil himself. The prevailing radical in this literary work, which is common in Hawthornes gothic writing, is the actualisation that evil can infect people who seem perfectly respectable. Throughout the tendency of his journey, Goodman Brown discovers that so far highly reputable people of Salem are vulnerable to the forces of darkness. Goodman Brown embarks on his journey into the forest with the fervent belief that his hefty dedication is indomitably ironclad, and thus will be able to overcome even the most tempting persuasions of the devil. As Goodman and the devil continue sauntering along the serpentine path, they act Goodmans old catechism teacher, Goody Cloyse, and it is eventually revealed that she is heading to the satanic cabalistic meeting at the core of the forest. Goodman is absolutely confounded at the sight of her, as he had always considered Cloyse as a moral and spiritual adopt in his life. Goody Cloyses appearance is the first moment where Goodman begins to question his faith. Browns illusions roughly the purity of his society are finally obliterated when he discovers that many a(prenominal) of his fellow townspeople, including religious leaders and his wife (aptly named Faith), are attending a macabre Mass or witch-meeting. At the end of the story, it is not clear whether Browns hear was a nightmare or biting reality, but the results are nonetheless the same. Brown is unable to forgive the possibility of evil in his loved ones, and as a result spends the rest of his life in desperate loneliness and gloom. At the beginning of his journey, Goodman Browns will and pride were both engraft in the belief that he was a pious man. Goodmans pride in piety evidently fails him, as he discovers that his faith was based on the principles of individuals who had sworn allegiance to the devil. This deplorable truth destroyed his conviction, and in this sense the devil prevailed against Goodman Brown.Theme Essay Young Goodman Brown Free Essay generator Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, delves into the classic battle between good and evil taking the protagonist, Goodman Brown, on a journey to test the resolve of his faith. Goodman ventures out on his expedition deep into the sinister forest, in order to repudiate the attempt of the devil to sway him from Christianity a test he believes his devout faith is prepared to confront. Goodman Brown is forever altered in ways unforeseeable by taking a stroll with the ultimate antagonist, the devil himself. The prevailing theme in this literary work, which is common in Hawthornes gothic writing, is the realization that evil can infect people who seem perfectly respectable. Throughout the course of his journey, Goodman Brown discovers that even highly reputable people of Salem are vulnerable to the forces of darkness. Goodman Brown embarks on his journey into the forest with the fervent belief that his potent dedication is indomitably ironclad, and thus will be able to overcome even the most tempting persuasions of the devil. As Goodman and the devil continue sauntering along the serpentine path, they encounter Goodmans old catechism teacher, Goody Cloyse, and it is eventually revealed that she is heading to the satanic occult meeting at the core of the forest. Goodman is absolutely confounded at the sight of her, as he had always considered Cloyse as a moral and spiritual guide in his life. Goody Cloyses appearance is the first moment where Goodm an begins to question his faith. Browns illusions about the purity of his society are finally obliterated when he discovers that many of his fellow townspeople, including religious leaders and his wife (aptly named Faith), are attending a Black Mass or witch-meeting. At the end of the story, it is not clear whether Browns experience was a nightmare or biting reality, but the results are nonetheless the same. Brown is unable to forgive the possibility of evil in his loved ones, and as a result spends the rest of his life in desperate loneliness and gloom. At the beginning of his journey, Goodman Browns will and pride were both embedded in the belief that he was a pious man. Goodmans pride in piety evidently fails him, as he discovers that his faith was based on the principles of individuals who had sworn allegiance to the devil. This deplorable truth destroyed his conviction, and in this sense the devil prevailed against Goodman Brown.

Philosophy of Money Essay -- Economics Science Papers

Philosophy of fundsThis article is an attempt to sketch a philosophical view of money as a social phenomenon. I show that the way to understand the substance of money is to analyze its meaning as a medium of exchange in connection with its meaning as a purpose of exchange, thereby providing an investigation of its social value. This approach has been used by many of the great philosophers and economists of the past, but not today. Modern economics is a policy oriented supposed discipline and concentrates its efforts on solving practical tasks. I hope to contribute a philosophical approach to economic research. Money is a reality, a permanent feature of our everyday lives. It gives our lives a peculiar(prenominal) rhythm, a particular charm, a particular perception of the world and our place in it.Money creates problems when we do not have it, and yet more problems when we do have it. tho it is only an dissimulation that we are in control of our money in actual fact we do not not ice how subtly and intensively it exercises control over us.Money makes us both master and slave. Our power over money is real only inasmuch as we are able to understand its power over us. macrocosm has sought to understand the essence of money for many centuries. Philosophers and economists, statesmen, writers, even poets have written about money. (1) Money has been lauded and cursed, it has been dreamed of and disdained. What is money - good or malefic? It brings stability and instability and makes people looking for and running away from it. Money is capable of creating and destroying, of uniting and disuniting. It makes people partners and rivals and can influence the fate of individuals and whole nations. But what does money bring - freedom or depende... ...(13) The ideal purpose of money, as well as of the law, is to be a measure of things without being measured itself, a purpose that can be realized fully only by an endless development. (G.Simmel. The Philosophy of Money/ E d. by D.Frisby.- L., N.Y. Routledge. 1995, p.511)(14) Exchange is here set in its broadest sense as the alienation of all that man gives to society and the appropriation of all that he receives from society.(15) G.Simmel. The Philosophy of Money./ Ed. By D.Frisby.- L.., N.Y. Routledge, 1995(16) We agree that fundamental theoretical research in economics cannot be effective without philosophy. What are the prospects for bridging disciplinary boundaries and for strengthening the collaboration between economists and philosophers? (D.Hausman.Essays on philosophy and economic methodology.-Cambridge University Press.1992, p.230)

We Must Put an End to Corporal Punishment Essay -- Corporal Punishment

There was an old woman who lived in a shoe She had so mevery children she didnt know what to do She gave them some broth, Without any bread Whipped them all soundly, and sent them to bed (Mother goofball). All across American households, adults whip, spank, paddle, and swat children as a form of acceptable punishment and as bridle to unwanted behaviors. These actions are considered material punishment, and can be defined numerous ways. The American Public Health Association defines corporal punishment as the pain sensation of bodily pain as a penalty for behavior disapproved by the punisher(American Public Health Association). Similarly, the American Medical Association describes it as the use of military force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain, but not injury, for the purpose of correction or control of the childs behavior(American Medical Association). No take how it is defined, alive(p) is a practice that is so widely accepted in American culture t hat it is even celebrated in this popular Mother Goose childrens rhyme. Although many argue that this type of punishment has been effective ever since the good old days where kids learned forcefully how to behave, there is a plethora of shew that shows emphatically that corporal punishment never was, is, or will be an effective means of discipline. In fact, various credible studies and researchers have concluded that corporal punishment causes many undesirable and negative effects on children. Consequently, numerous cases prove that reducing this type of punishment has measurable benefits. Most research concludes that spanking does result in immediate compliance, but according to Jordan Riak, author and founder of the... ...ainst Children A Challenge for Society. New York Walter de Gruyter & CO., 1996. Muller, Judy. No Spanking Zone Proposed. ABCNEWS.com Plutarch. The Education of Children. Vol. 2. Moralia, ancient Greece. Policy Resolution on Corporal Punishment. American Publ ic Health Association. November 7, 1979. Riak, Jordan. Plain Talk About Spanking Parents and Teachers Against Violence in Education. Alamo, CA, 1992. Revised in 1999. Spanking Makes Children Violent, Antisocial. American Medical Association News Update. August 13, 1997. Straus, Murray A. and Paschall, Mallie J. Corporal Punishment by Mothers and Cognitive Development of Children A Longitudinal Study. http//www.ung.edu?frl?cp51japa.htm UN Committee on Rights of Child Concludes Eighteenth Session. Geneva, 18 May to 5 June., M2 Press WIRE, 06-09-1998.