Nutrition for Sport and Exercise

Question: Discuss about the Nutrition for Sport and Exercise. Answer: Introduction and Energy Requirements Clients Details Gender: Male Age: 24 years Height: 6 feet or 1.82 meter Weight: 74 Kg Occupation: Professional Player Sport: Tennis Level: County Total number of hours of training: 6 Number of training sessions per week: 1 or 2 Energy Consumption: (1) Harris Benedict Equation for Resting Energy Expenditure (kcal/day) = 66.5 + 13.7W + 5H 6.8A =66.5 + 13.774 + 5182 6.8 24 = 1827.1 kcal/day where, W is Weight in kg H is height in cm A is age in years In nutritional terms, energy is defined as the ability to perform work or the capacity of doing a job. The food that is consumed through diet in meals is converted inside the body through the process of digestion to generate energy. Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are generally considered as calorigenic foods as they yield considerable amount of energy upon intake. The energy produced via dietary intake comprising of these foods is generally calculated in terms of calorie (C) or kilocalorie (kcal) or Joules (J). One gram of carbohydrate or protein is generally responsible for generating 4 kcal of energy while one gram of protein normally yields 9 kcal of energy (2). Metabolism is a vital bodily process that ensures the health and well being of an individual through maintenance and building of tissues in addition to production of energy. The metabolic processes normally comprise of two synergistic processes of anabolism and catabolism where the food materials are at first degraded to yield energy on one hand and simultaneously the ingested food materials are utilized by the body cells to provide strength and vitality and facilitate tissue growth. Two parameters including the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) are normally used to define the energy requirements of a person specific to a given condition and also depending upon the type of work performed. Age, height, weight, gender and clinical condition of the individual are among the factors affecting the energy requirements in a person. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is defined as the energy expended by a person while at rest in the post absorptive state and in a neutrally temperate environment. BMR is crucial to the proper functioning of the vital organs. BMR tends to decrease with age and reduction in the lean body mass and increase with the rise in the muscle mass. Extrinsic variables ranging from diet, habitat, temperature and net primary productivity seem to affect BMR as well (3). Another term called the resting metabolic rate (RMR) is often used interchangeably with BMR. Resting metabolic rate is the energy required by an organism to survive in absence of any activity. RMR is a crucial component of energy expenditure and contributes a maximum of it (around 70%). Factors that affect BMR also affect RMR. Muscle mass, small regular meals, pregnancy condition an intake of supplements increase RMR while age, genetics and crash dieting regime decrease the RMR. RMR differs from BMR in that conditions measurement pertinent to RMR may be altered by and defined by circumstantial limitations. Therefore measurement of RMR as an estimate of daily expenditure seems to be more accurate. Fat fee mass acts as an important determinant for RMR and is attributed as a marker of energy intake and depict a physiological signal for hunger. Research provides evidences that RMR may have future implications for energy homeostasis, appetite and obesity (4). The specific requirements for the tennis sport, combines the skills of anaerobic system including the speed, agility and power along with higher aerobic capacities. Tennis has been recognized as an explosive sport depending upon strength, power and speed. In case of the competitive tennis athletes the work to rest ratios typically between 1:3 and 1:5. The competitive male athletes are found to maintain body fat of -1 is incurred. For dietary recommendations pertinent to tennis players, a high carbohydrate diet between 6-10 g.kg-1 is suggested in order to ensure sufficient glycogen stores. Protein intake content for tennis players undergoing training at a high intensity and duration on a daily basis has been estimated to be approximately 1.6g.kg-1.day-1. Dietary fat intake has been suggested not to exceed 2 g.kg-1.day-1. For every change over in mild to moderate climate of 27?C, 200 ml of fluid containing electrolytes is suggested. However for temperature 27?C, fluid intake of 400 m l is recommended. For match playing exceeding 2 hours, ingestion of 30-60 g.hr-1 of carbohydrate ingestion is advised (6). The calorie consumption and the amount of energy expended through exercise play a crucial part in the athletes to perform optimally and excel in their respective games. The resting metabolic rate (RMR) is required for maintaining the bodys normal function such as respiration, thermogenesis, and digestion. The estimated RMR for the specific client is found to be 1764 kcal/day. However the information provided from the WinDiet data of 3 days from the concerned client suggest that he is consuming energy of 2129 kcal/day. Thus, he is found to expend more energy in contrast to his requirement. In this context, reference may be made of the concept of energy balance that is vital to the understanding of the bodily demands specific to a person. Energy balance accounts for the between the intake of energy via consumption of calories in the form of drinks and food and the output of energy that are used up by the body to meet the bodily requirements. The energy balance concept is based upon the laws of thermodynamics and dictates whether weight has been gained or lost or remains the same. Positive energy balance or negative energy balance impact the cellular metabolism, hormonal release and other bodily functions and is therefore considered essential to carry out the normal functioning inside the body. Further, data obtained from the physical variables of height and weight suggests that the body mass index (BMI) of the person is 22 and was found to be within the normal range. BMI is vital to assess the obesity in a person. For the body composition analysis in male tennis players, BMI has been identified as an integral factor (7). BMI has been found to be correlated with certain identified kinematic parameters that in turn were significantly correlated with the ball speed that might serve as useful guideline for the players and coaches to effectively improve their serve speed (8). References: ten Haaf T, Weijs PJ. Resting Energy Expenditure Prediction in Recreational Athletes of 1835 Years: Confirmation of Cunningham Equation and an Improved Weight-Based Alternative. PloS one. 2014 Oct 2;9(10):e108460. Sizer FS, Pich LA, Whitney EN, Whitney E. Nutrition: concepts and controversies. Cengage Learning; 2012. White CR, Kearney MR. Determinants of inter-specific variation in basal metabolic rate. Journal of Comparative physiology B. 2013 Jan 1;183(1):1-26. Caudwell P, Finlayson G, Gibbons C, Hopkins M, King N, Nslund E, Blundell JE. Resting metabolic rate is associated with hunger, self-determined meal size, and daily energy intake and may represent a marker for appetite. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2013;97(1):7-14. Kovacs MM. Tennis physiology. Sports Medicine. 2007 Mar 1;37(3):189-98. Ranchordas MK, Rogerson D, Ruddock A, Killer SC, Winter EM. Nutrition for tennis: practical recommendations. J Sports Sci Med. 2013 Jun 1;12(2):211-4. Juzwiak CR, Amancio OM, Vitalle MS, Pinheiro MM, Szejnfeld VL. Body composition and nutritional profile of male adolescent tennis players. Journal of sports sciences. 2008 Sep 1;26(11):1209-17. Wong FK, Keung JH, Lau NM, Ng DK, Chung JW, Chow DH. Effects of body mass index and full body kinematics on tennis serve speed. Journal of human kinetics. 2014 Mar 1;40(1):21-8.